Python 中 Ctrl+C 不能终止 Multiprocessing Pool 的解决方案
解释 Python multiprocessing Pool 无法响应 Ctrl+C 的原因,并给出安全终止工作进程的写法。
本文理论上对multiprocessing.dummy的Pool同样有效。
python2.x中multiprocessing提供的基于函数进程池,join后陷入内核态,按下ctrl+c不能停止所有的进程并退出。即必须ctrl+z后找到残留的子进程,把它们干掉。先看一段ctrl+c无效的代码:
#!/usr/bin/env pythonimport multiprocessingimport osimport time
def do_work(x): print 'Work Started: %s' % os.getpid() time.sleep(10) return x * x
def main(): pool = multiprocessing.Pool(4) try: result = pool.map_async(do_work, range(8)) pool.close() pool.join() print result except KeyboardInterrupt: print 'parent received control-c' pool.terminate() pool.join()
if __name__ == "__main__": main()这段代码运行后,按^c一个进程也杀不掉,最后会残留包括主进程在内共5个进程(1+4),kill掉主进程能让其全部退出。很明显,使用进程池时KeyboardInterrupt不能被进程捕捉。解决方法有两种。
方案一
下面这段是python源码里multiprocessing下的pool.py中的一段,ApplyResult就是Pool用来保存函数运行结果的类
class ApplyResult(object):
def __init__(self, cache, callback): self._cond = threading.Condition(threading.Lock()) self._job = job_counter.next() self._cache = cache self._ready = False self._callback = callback cache[self._job] = self而下面这段代码也是^c无效的代码
if __name__ == '__main__': import threading
cond = threading.Condition(threading.Lock()) cond.acquire() cond.wait() print "done"很明显,threading.Condition(threading.Lock())对象无法接收KeyboardInterrupt,但稍微修改一下,给cond.wait()一个timeout参数即可,这个timeout可以在map_async后用get传递,把
result = pool.map_async(do_work, range(4))改为
result = pool.map_async(do_work, range(4)).get(1)就能成功接收^c了,get里面填1填99999还是0xffff都行
方案二
另一种方法当然就是自己写进程池了,需要使用队列,贴一段代码感受下
#!/usr/bin/env pythonimport multiprocessing, os, signal, time, Queue
def do_work(): print 'Work Started: %d' % os.getpid() time.sleep(2) return 'Success'
def manual_function(job_queue, result_queue): signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.SIG_IGN) while not job_queue.empty(): try: job = job_queue.get(block=False) result_queue.put(do_work()) except Queue.Empty: pass #except KeyboardInterrupt: pass
def main(): job_queue = multiprocessing.Queue() result_queue = multiprocessing.Queue()
for i in range(6): job_queue.put(None)
workers = [] for i in range(3): tmp = multiprocessing.Process(target=manual_function, args=(job_queue, result_queue)) tmp.start() workers.append(tmp)
try: for worker in workers: worker.join() except KeyboardInterrupt: print 'parent received ctrl-c' for worker in workers: worker.terminate() worker.join()
while not result_queue.empty(): print result_queue.get(block=False)
if __name__ == "__main__": main()方案三
使用一个全局变量eflag作标识,让SIG_INT信号绑定一个处理函数,在其中对eflag的值更改,线程的函数中以eflag的值判定作为while的条件,把语句写在循环里,老实说这个方案虽然可以用,但是简直太差劲。线程肯定是可行的,进程应该还需要单独共享变量,非常不推荐的方式
常见的错误方案
这个必须要提一下,我发现segmentfault上都有人被误导了
理论上,在Pool初始化时传递一个initializer函数,让子进程忽略SIGINT信号,也就是^c,然后Pool进行terminate处理。代码
#!/usr/bin/env pythonimport multiprocessingimport osimport signalimport time
def init_worker(): signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.SIG_IGN)
def run_worker(x): print "child: %s" % os.getpid() time.sleep(20) return x * x
def main(): pool = multiprocessing.Pool(4, init_worker) try: results = [] print "Starting jobs" for x in range(8): results.append(pool.apply_async(run_worker, args=(x,)))
time.sleep(5) pool.close() pool.join() print [x.get() for x in results] except KeyboardInterrupt: print "Caught KeyboardInterrupt, terminating workers" pool.terminate() pool.join()
if __name__ == "__main__": main()然而这段代码只有在运行在time.sleep(5)处的时候才能用ctrl+c中断,即前5s你按^c有效,一旦pool.join()后则完全无效!
建议
先确认是否真的需要用到多进程,如果是IO多的程序建议用多线程或协程,计算特别多则用多进程。如果非要用多进程,可以利用Python3的concurrent.futures包(python2.x也能装),编写更加简单易用的多线程/多进程代码,其使用和Java的concurrent框架有些相似.
经过亲自验证,ProcessPoolExecutor是没有^c的问题的,要用多进程建议使用它